NHS Health Alerts

What should I do if I think a friend or relative has a drug problem?

Glossary

Brain: The brain controls thought, memory and emotion. It sends messages to the body controlling movement, speech and senses.
Contagious: Contagious is when a disease or infection can be easily passed from one person to another.
Discharge: Discharge is when a liquid such as pus oozes from a part of your body.
Genitals: Genitals are the sex, or reproductive organs, visible on the outside of the body. In females this is the vulva, labia, and clitoris. In males this is the penis, scrotum and testicles.
Mental: Mental refers to the processes in the mind.
MMR: MMR stands for measles, mumps and rubella. It is a vaccine that prevents measles, mumps and rubella by making the body produce antibodies that will fight off the viruses.
Vaccination: Vaccination or immunisation is usually given by an injection that makes the body's immune system produce antibodies that will fight off a virus.

13-10-2008 13:18

Flood safety

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If your area suffers flooding, make sure you and your family are prepared and know what to do.

The risk of infections and illness is very low after your home has been flooded, but it's better to take precautions to look after the health of yourself and your family.

Read on for guidance from the Health Protection Agency on keeping health risks to a minimum.

General advice

Floodwater and sewage often leaves a muddy deposit. However, experience from previous flooding and sewage contamination has shown that any risk to health is small and you will not need any booster immunisations or antibiotics.

Health risks can be minimised by taking general hygiene precautions and wearing protective clothing (rubber boots, an apron and waterproof gloves) while cleaning up. If you are scrubbing, hosing or pressure-washing, there may be a lot of splashing. It's a good idea to wear a standard face mask, such as those sold by DIY stores. Goggles offer added protection and they can be reused after thorough washing.

You should also always wash your hands with soap and clean water:

after you go to the toilet,
before you eat or prepare food,
after being in contact with floodwater, sewage or items contaminated by floodwater, and
after participating in flood cleanup activities.

Try to avoid direct contact with floodwater. Don't allow children to play in floodwater areas and wash children's hands frequently (always before meals). Wash floodwater-contaminated toys with hot water and detergent before allowing them to be used again.

Keep any open cuts or sores clean and prevent them being exposed to flood water. Wear waterproof plasters.

Harmful bacteria may be present in sewage and animal slurry, and this can pass into floodwater, although it is likely to be extremely diluted. If you or anyone in your family gets symptoms such as sickness, diarrhoea, or tummy cramps, speak with your GP or call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 for advice.

If the floodwater contained oil, petrol or diesel, it should go away with the floodwater and silt. Any remaining oil, diesel or petrol contamination can be removed by using a detergent solution and washing the surface down after initial cleaning has been carried out.

In inaccessible areas such as under floorboards, it may smell but is not necessarily a health hazard. Get further advice from the environmental health department at your local council if the smell persists or if you are particularly concerned about it for other reasons.

Water and mud may enter gas systems during a flood. Even if appliances appear to be working normally, the flue or ventilation systems may be affected. For safety reasons it is most important to have all appliances inspected by a CORGI registered engineer.

As your property continues to dry out, vacuum any loose material and dust on a regular basis.

Very young children should avoid playing directly on timber floorboards or any damaged tiled floors if possible - be aware of the risk of injury from sharp edges on tiles or raised nails in the floorboards until these have been repaired.

Speak with your GP or call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 if you become ill after accidentally swallowing mud or contaminated water.

Cleaning up inside your home

When returning to your home after a flood, be aware that floodwater may contain sewage. Protect yourself and your family by following these steps:

If there has been a backflow of sewage into the house, wear rubber boots, an apron and waterproof gloves during cleanup. It's also a good idea to wear a face mask and goggles.
Keep children and pets out of the affected area until cleanup has been completed.
Thoroughly clean all hard household surfaces, including walls, hard-surfaced floors and furniture with hot soapy water, using an ordinary household detergent, until they look clean. Allow them to dry thoroughly - this will also help to destroy germs left behind. Hard household surfaces may include flooring, concrete, mouldings, wood and metal furniture, countertops, appliances, sinks, and other plumbing fixtures. See below for information about cleaning kitchen work surfaces and items used to prepare food.
Do not mix detergents with chlorine-based bleaches as this may release hazardous fumes.
Remember to take regular breaks in the fresh air.
Clean the water taps with hot water and detergent before using them for the first time. Allow the taps to run for a few minutes when you start using the mains water, as this should clear the pipes.
Wash all linen and clothing in hot water, or dry clean. Air dry items that cannot be washed or dry cleaned, such as mattresses and upholstered furniture, in the sun. Then spray them thoroughly with a disinfectant. Steam clean all carpeting if you can.
Remove and discard all soft furnishings, fittings, wall coverings, cloth, rugs, and drywall (also include mattresses, carpeting, carpet padding, rugs, upholstered furniture, cosmetics, stuffed animals, baby toys, pillows, foam-rubber items, books, wall coverings, and most paper products) that are damaged beyond repair or mouldy.
Remove dirty water and silt from the property including the space under the ground floor if you have wooden floors. This space may need pumping out.

Heating and good ventilation will assist the drying. You can also help the drying process by using fans, air conditioning units, and dehumidifiers.

After completing the cleanup, wash your hands with soap and water.

Cleaning gardens and play areas

Do not let young children play on affected grassed or paved areas until they have been cleaned down and restored to their normal condition.

Sunlight and soil help destroy harmful bacteria and there should be no risk to health after a week or so. The best way to reduce these risks further is to always wash your hands before eating or preparing food.

Cleaning clothing and bedding

Clothing, bedding and other soft fabric items such as children's toys should be laundered on a hot wash (60C or the highest temperature indicated on manufacturer's instructions) which will destroy most germs that may be present.

Other soft furnishings that have been contaminated and cannot be put in a washing machine will have to be professionally cleaned. If this is not possible, they may have to be disposed of.

Wash all clothes worn during the cleanup in hot water and detergent. These clothes should be washed separately from uncontaminated clothes and linens. Heavily contaminated clothes can be soaked first to avoid grit damaging the washing machine.

It is best to wash clothes and linen elsewhere until your property's waste-water system has been checked. For example, in a launderette.

Returning to your home

It is recommended that you only fully move back into your home once the above cleaning has been carried out. There may be additional works to be carried out eventually as advised by your insurance company, housing officer, landlord or builder.

If you decide to return to your home before this further work is completed, you should:

Try to have some heating on at all times, once it has been checked for safety. Consider the use of a dehumidifier. Ensure the property is well ventilated. Leave windows open as much as possible but be mindful of security.
Ensure that if you have air-bricks to any under floor spaces that these are unblocked to give cross ventilation to these areas.

Mould may be growing on damp walls. This should disappear as your home dries out. Areas where mould remains can be cleaned with warm water and detergent. If specialist treatment is necessary for persistent mould, this should be carried out by a skilled operator who will use appropriate protective equipment and precautions. You should not attempt to do this yourself.

Your insurance company may require evidence of damage, to enable them to assess insurance claims. If they require you to keep any items temporarily so they can assess the damage, make sure you store the items away from your day-to-day living area.

If you are living in a flood-damaged home and you become concerned that it is no longer safe to stay in, contact your local council for advice.

Food preparation and storage

Don't eat any food that has been covered by or come into contact with sewage or floodwater.
Don't eat any produce grown on an allotment or garden that has been flooded, unless it has been cooked.
Wash your hands before and after preparing food.
Throw away wooden chopping boards that have been in contact with floodwater or sewage.
Before you prepare food, use clean water, detergent, then a normal kitchen disinfectant, to clean and disinfect work surfaces, plates, pans, cutlery, and plastic or glass chopping boards. Powerful disinfectants, such as strong bleach, are not necessary and may be harmful to surfaces.
If you have a working dishwasher and mains water supply, this is a more efficient way to clean smaller items.
If the insides of your fridge and food cupboards have been touched by floodwater, clean them thoroughly using detergent, water and normal household cleaning products.
Try to keep any opened food in an enclosed box or tin.
All crockery, pots and pans should be thoroughly washed with hot soapy water before using. If any of these are badly chipped or damaged, do not use them. You could use a food-safe disinfectant to sanitise them after cleaning.

If your power has been cut off and your fridge has not been working for a few hours, throw away the food inside. If your freezer has not been working, throw away any meat, fish or dairy products, or food containing these, if they have started to get soft or are contaminated by floodwater. Throw away any food that you would eat frozen, such as ice cream.

Put contaminated flood-damaged food in black plastic refuse sacks, seal and put out when your next refuse collection is due. Remember that food may be insured - check with your insurance company before disposal what evidence they require for claims.

Don't be tempted to try and salvage damaged food - including tins as they may be damaged or contaminated.

If your drinking water becomes contaminated

In a flood, the water supply and distribution network are usually unaffected and so it is safe to drink the water. If your water comes through a mains supply, follow the advice of your local water company regarding the safety of their water supply.

Water companies have a duty to take all necessary steps to protect public health. If a water treatment works becomes flooded, for example, alternative supplies will be made available, such as by bottled water or bowser (tanker). In the meantime, consumers may be advised to boil water before drinking or temporarily stop using water for domestic purposes.

If you notice a change in water quality, such as the water becoming discoloured or there is a change in taste or smell, or if you are unsure, ring your local water company. While waiting for an answer, and if water is urgently required, boil all water intended for drinking or use bottled water.

If there is evidence or concern that the tap water may be contaminated:

Boil and cool water to wash food that will not be cooked, such as fruit or salad.
It is safe to use unboiled tap water to prepare food which will be cooked. It is also safe to use unboiled tap water for cooking if the water will be boiled during the cooking process.

If you have been advised to boil your water, bring it to the boil, then allow it to cool before using it for drinking, brushing teeth, washing food, cooking and making ice.

If no gas or electricity is available to boil water, bottled water should be used in all circumstances.

If your water is a private supply such as a well or spring, then check that it has not been affected by the floodwater. If a private well or spring has been covered by floodwater, if the water changes colour or taste, or you believe the supply has been affected by the flood, then ring your local council for advice. While waiting for an answer, assume the water is unsafe to drink unless boiled or source an alternative supply.

Continue to boil the water until the supply has been tested and shown to be safe. Boiling water kills pathogenic bacteria, viruses and parasites that may be present in water. Bring the water to the boil and then allow it to cool before drinking. Ice should be made from water prepared for drinking.

If you need to store water, try not to use the same containers used to empty flood water and mud from your home.. Water can be stored in a clean jug covered by a saucer in a cool place (preferably in the fridge. Don't store large quantities of boiled water in open containers, such as bins, as they may become contaminated over time.

Use an appropriately diluted bleach solution or sterilising tablets, following manufacturer's instructions, to clean containers. Use water storage tanks and other types of containers with caution. This applies particularly to pans and utensils used in cooking or food preparation.

Also remember:

Water from a bowser (tanker) should be safe to drink but it requires boiling before use because the containers used to transfer water from bowser to home may not be clean.
Water from the hot tap is not suitable for drinking.

If there is a bottle-fed baby in the house, make sure their water is boiled and do not use bottled water unless it is recommended by a doctor or health visitor. Some bottled water is unsuitable for babies.

If your drinking water is unsafe, do not use it for bathing babies. It is safer to use boiled bowser water or bottled water. Or you can use baby wipes for hand cleansing and washing babies.

Also, never use tap water or bowser water to clean or store contact lenses since this could cause a rare but serious eye infection. Use a contact lens solution as recommended by your optician.

Flushing the toilet

If the drinking water supply is restricted, there may not be enough water for flushing toilets. Water previously used for washing, bathing, cooking or washing up can be saved in buckets and used to flush the toilet. It is not necessary to flush the toilet after urination. Other sources of water, for example, from garden water butts can also be used for flushing.

If the toilet cannot be used at all, it may be possible to use other facilities not affected by flooding. For example, unaffected family, friends, neighbours, public toilets, rest centres, local shops, supermarkets and hotels.

Chemical toilets ('portaloos') may be provided in your area. Portable bag in bag products (for example, 'brief relief', 'wag bag') designed for solid and urine waste may also be provided in your area. Once used according to manufacturers' instructions, the waste bag should be placed inside another bag, such as a bin liner, and disposed of in the usual way

How to deal with chemical hazards

Be aware of potential chemical hazards you may encounter during flood recovery. Floodwaters may have buried or moved hazardous chemical containers of solvents or other industrial chemicals from their normal storage places. If you are worried about major chemical contamination, contact the fire and rescue service for advice in the first instance.

Car batteries, even those immersed in flood water, may still contain an electric charge and should only be removed with extreme caution by using insulated gloves. Avoid coming into contact with any acid that may have been spilt or leak from the battery. It is advisable to wear rubber gloves when handling car batteries.

Take special care when opening cupboards that may contain household or garden chemicals that have become wet, especially those in bags or cardboard packaging.

In general you should avoid contact with contaminated water and materials, but if it becomes necessary to do so, you should wear protective clothing and gloves. You should also avoid enclosed areas that may be chemically contaminated, such as garages and cellars, where hazardous fumes may build up.

The safe use of emergency generators

Remember that petrol or diesel generators and dehumidifiers should never be used indoors without good ventilation, keeping doors and windows open whenever possible. The exhaust gases contain carbon monoxide which can quickly build up to poisonous levels without proper ventilation.

The same risk is carried by portable grills, pressure washers, camp stoves, paraffin-fuelled heaters or other devices using gasoline, propane or natural gas. These should not be used indoors for heating or boiling water or cleaning.

If you have to use these devices to boil water, do it outdoors. If you cannot use these devices outdoors and there are no other alternatives available, then only use them to boil water for as short a period as possible in well-ventilated rooms. They should never be used to heat or dry out rooms. If you feel dizzy, have a headache or feel disorientated, switch off the appliance, move to a well-ventilated area and seek medical advice.

Remember the following:

Replace manhole covers dislodged by the flood.
Don't switch on electrical appliances, which have been in contact with floodwater unless a competent electrician has checked them. Your local electricity board will be checking mains supplies.
Ensure that your home is properly aired to encourage drying.
Make sure that any mould growth is properly treated.

Rats and other pests

If normal waste collection services are disrupted, the build-up of waste may attract rats and other pests. Rats can also move into buildings if their nests are flooded, but they are generally wary of people

Store your rubbish in hard bins. If this isn't possible, try to keep rubbish bags in a place away from your home.

Avoid approaching or cornering rats. If you are bitten by a rat, seek medical advice. If you have to pick up dead rats, wear gloves and dispose of the rats in a plastic bag.

If you are concerned about rats or other pests, contact your local council for advice.

Other health concerns

You may need to take some time to consider your mental health as well. Remember that some sleeplessness, anxiety, anger, hyperactivity, mild depression, or lethargy are normal, and may go away with time. If you get any of these symptoms on a long-term basis, speak with your GP.

Finally, remember that cold can play a major role in your personal health. Make sure you keep warm so you avoid cold-related conditions such as hypothermia.

Getting medical help

You should try using the usual phone numbers if you need to check whether your local health services are affected by the flooding.

If the flooding is severe, your local NHS Primary Care Trust may be issuing updates on how to access to local NHS services.

You can also call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 for local health service information or medical advice.

Further information:

Hypothermia
Stress
Depression
Diarrhoea
Is it safe to give my child bottled water?
Flooding (Health Protection Agency)

Glossary

Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medicines that can be used to treat infections caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria or fungi. For example amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin.
Anxiety: Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling when you feel worried, uneasy or distressed about something that may or may not be about to happen.
Bacteria: Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that live in the body. Some can cause illness and disease and some others are good for you.
Depression: Depression is when you have feelings of extreme sadness, despair or inadequacy that last for a long time.
Diarrhoea: Diarrhoea is the passing of frequent watery stools when you go to the toilet.
Hyperactivity: Hyperactivity is a higher than normal level of activity and restlessness.
Mental: Mental refers to the processes in the mind.

25-09-2008 10:36

Help us improve

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We want your ideas and views to help shape and develop our website.

As part of our commitment to providing the best services we can, we are carrying out an evaluation of our website and want your help.

The results will help us know if we are providing the type of information our readers want and need.

Take part now

To help improve our service to you, there are a few short questions that we would like to ask you. Our online questionnaire will only take a couple of minutes to fill in.

You do not have to give your name or any contact details. But if you would like to help us with more in-depth research, you can leave your email address.

Help us improve our service to you, by filling out a simple questionnaire online

Our short questionnaire can be found on our homepage. Or you can access the questionnaire by clicking the link below.

Take the questionnaire now

Why are we doing it?

NHS Direct want to find out about why people use the Internet for information and advice on health issues.

The key aim of the study is to find out about health information needs. And the behaviour of those who seek online help for medical issues.

Common themes

We can use the information you give us to plan and develop new services

The research aims to find out:

what are the most popular health enquires,
who uses the service,
what they are looking for online,
how consumers use the information they find, and
whether it is of use to them.

Help our service develop

The information that is provided will give us an insight into the people who use the NHS Direct website and what information is most useful to them.

It will help us to make the information and services we provide more relevant. We can learn from the results and develop new services.

Finding out more

When the study is over, we will publish the results of the questionnaire on the NHS Direct website.

We will not identify any individuals who took part in the study.

Further information:

24-09-2008 13:04

Help us improve

-

We want your ideas and views to help shape and develop our website.

As part of our commitment to providing the best services we can, we are carrying out an evaluation of our website and want your help.

The results will help us know if we are providing the type of information our readers want and need.

Take part now

To help improve our service to you, there are a few short questions that we would like to ask you. Our online questionnaire will only take a couple of minutes to fill in.

You do not have to give your name or any contact details. But if you would like to help us with more in-depth research, you can leave your email address.

Help us improve our service to you, by filling out a simple questionnaire online

Our short questionnaire can be found on our homepage. Or you can access the questionnaire by clicking the link below.

Take the questionnaire now

Why are we doing it?

NHS Direct want to find out about why people use the Internet for information and advice on health issues.

The key aim of the study is to find out about health information needs. And the behaviour of those who seek online help for medical issues.

Common themes

We can use the information you give us to plan and develop new services

The research aims to find out:

what are the most popular health enquires
who uses the service
what they are looking for online
how consumers use the information they find
whether it is of use to them.

Help our service develop

The information that is provided will give us an insight into the people who use the NHS Direct website and what information is most useful to them.

It will help us to make the information and services we provide more relevant. We can learn from the results and develop new services.

Finding out more

When the study is over, we will publish the results of the questionnaire on the NHS Direct website.

We will not identify any individuals who took part in the study.

Further information:

24-09-2008 13:04

Antibiotics in preterm labour

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Between July 1994 and May 2000, the Medical Research Council funded a clinical trial called the Oracle study. It looked at using antibiotics to treat women who might give birth prematurely (early).

A follow-up study has taken place, to track progress and development of those women's children.

The findings of these studies are outlined below.

What does this mean for me if I'm pregnant?

If you're pregnant and you have an infection, you shouldn't be concerned about taking antibiotics to treat it.

If you're pregnant and have an infection, your GP will consider treating you with antibiotics

Antibiotics save lives. So if you're pregnant and you have a possible or obvious infection, your GP will consider treating you with antibiotics.

If you're concerned about taking antibiotics, speak with your GP or midwife to get their advice. You can also call NHS Direct on 0845 4647.

Oracle study

The Oracle study looked specifically at pregnant women:

who went into labour early but whose waters hadn't broken (spontaneous or threatened premature labour - SPL), and
whose waters broke early (premature or preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes - PPROM).

The Oracle study looked at using antibiotics to treat women who might give birth prematurely

Women who were diagnosed with infections didn't take part in the trial as they needed to be treated with antibiotics.

Before this trial, there were no national guidelines on using antibiotics to treat women with SPL or PPROM.

prolonging the pregnancy, and
improving the baby's health.

The study found that where the mothers with PPROM were treated with erythromycin, there was some short-term benefit to their babies. However, there was no benefit where the mothers had SPL.

Follow-up study

A seven-year follow-up study has taken place, to track progress of children born to the mothers who took part in the original research.

The findings of the follow-up study confirm existing medical practice

This increased risk did not occur in the group where mothers had PPROM and were given antibiotics.

The findings confirm existing medical practice that women with SPL, unbroken waters and no obvious infection should not routinely be given antibiotics.

Cerebral palsy

Although the risk of cerebral palsy is higher in babies born prematurely, most children who develop cerebral palsy are born at term (not prematurely).

Further information:

Oracle children study (University of Leicester and Medical Research Council)
Medical Research Council
Cerebral palsy
Clinical trials
Labour
Pregnancy
What is the amniotic sac?

Glossary

Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medicines that can be used to treat infections caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria or fungi. For example amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin.
Clinical trial: Clinical trials are research studies to test new types of treatments, preventions and diagnoses on patients.
Rupture: A rupture is a break or tear in an organ or tissue.

24-09-2008 13:04

Stay healthy at uni

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Going back to university soon? Or maybe it's your first term. Either way, you'll be looking forward to lots of fun.

Looking after your health while you're at uni is important - fit and healthy students can enjoy life much more. Here are some tips to help you keep well.

Are your jabs up-to-date?

Mumps and meningitis commonly affect young people. Mumps is very contagious . Meningitis is a serious condition and always requires hospital treatment.

Fit and healthy students enjoy life much more

Vaccinations are the best way to protect yourself. You can get the MMR jab at any age, to protect yourself against mumps. You should also be vaccinated against meningitis C.

For more information about mumps and meningitis, including symptoms, see 'how can I keep well at university' in the 'further information' section.

Healthy eating

If you eat healthily, you'll feel much better for it. Take a trip round the supermarket and stock up on healthy wholesome food. For example:

Try to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
Eat wholemeal bread and brown pasta when you can.

Eating well doesn't have to be expensive

Preparing your food

Food poisoning can be very unpleasant - the symptoms can last for days.

You can avoid food poisoning by keeping your kitchen clean and handling food properly. For example:

Always wash your hands, utensils and surfaces thoroughly, after handling raw meat, chicken and fish.
Wash all crockery and utensils with hot water and washing-up liquid, as soon as you've finished using them.
Wash your tea-towels regularly.
Keep food cupboards clean, tidy, cool and dry.
Empty your rubbish bins regularly, especially in warm or hot weather.

Healthy energy

Regular exercise can give you more energy and release feel-good hormones in your brain. But it doesn't have to be a chore or expensive:

Local swimming pools often give student discounts

Taking small regular breaks, like a 15-minute walk around your campus, can refresh you and clear your mind. Or you could join a uni sports team, or ride your bike to lectures.
Local fitness clubs and swimming pools often give discounts for students.

Exercise is also important for your mental wellbeing. It can help you to keep calm during anxious or stressful times, such as exams.

Your mental health

If you're feeling low, find someone to talk to before you get too down. Friends and family will want to help. Or you could talk to your tutor.

Most universities have counsellors you can phone or visit in confidence. Or you could call the Samaritans on 08457 909090.

Drinking alcohol

Getting to know new people over a drink can help you find your feet in a new city.

But drinking heavily and binge drinking are bad for your health. Follow these simple steps to keep yourself in prime condition:

Always eat before you drink. Jacket potatoes, baked beans and cheese are perfect to fill you up, and they're nutritious. A serving of baked beans even counts as one portion of your recommended five-a-day.
Try to alternate alcoholic drinks with water or a soft drink.
Never leave your glass unattended, in case someone spikes your drink.
Try not to drink more than the recommended limit (2-3 units per day for women, and 3-4 for men).

One unit is generally classed as:

one small glass of wine (125ml),
half a pint of beer, cider or lager, or
one pub measure of spirits, such as vodka, whisky or gin.

However, the number of units in a drink can vary, depending on the strength and size of the drink. For more information, see 'adding up your units' in the 'further information' section.

Freshen up your first aid

Basic first aid training can stop an accident turning into a tragedy - would you know how best to help your friend if they had an accident or passed out drunk?

Your university may run a first aid course or you could find one locally.

Your sexual health

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are very common.

It's also a good idea to have regular check-ups at a sexual health clinic, especially if you've had symptoms such as:

itchiness or swelling around your genitals, or
an unusual discharge.

Illegal drugs

Don't use illegal drugs. They can damage your health - all illegal drugs carry health risks.

The legal penalties can be severe. And if you're arrested for possessing illegal drugs, your university may drop you from your course.

If you do decide to take illegal drugs, it's important that you understand how different drugs may affect you and what the health risks are.

Many organisations and websites can offer:

information,
advice,
details of support groups and meetings, and
further guidance.

Further information:

What should I do if I think a friend or relative has a drug problem?

Glossary

Brain: The brain controls thought, memory and emotion. It sends messages to the body controlling movement, speech and senses.
Contagious: Contagious is when a disease or infection can be easily passed from one person to another.
Discharge: Discharge is when a liquid such as pus oozes from a part of your body.
Genitals: Genitals are the sex, or reproductive organs, visible on the outside of the body. In females this is the vulva, labia, and clitoris. In males this is the penis, scrotum and testicles.
Mental: Mental refers to the processes in the mind.
MMR: MMR stands for measles, mumps and rubella. It is a vaccine that prevents measles, mumps and rubella by making the body produce antibodies that will fight off the viruses.
Vaccination: Vaccination or immunisation is usually given by an injection that makes the body's immune system produce antibodies that will fight off a virus.

24-09-2008 13:04

Flood safety

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If your area suffers flooding, make sure you and your family are prepared and know what to do.

The risk of infections and illness is very low after your home has been flooded, but it's better to take precautions to look after the health of yourself and your family.

Read on for guidance from the Health Protection Agency on keeping health risks to a minimum.

General advice

You should also always wash your hands with soap and clean water:

after you go to the toilet,
before you eat or prepare food,
after being in contact with floodwater, sewage or items contaminated by floodwater, and
after participating in flood cleanup activities.

Keep any open cuts or sores clean and prevent them being exposed to flood water. Wear waterproof plasters.

As your property continues to dry out, vacuum any loose material and dust on a regular basis.

Speak with your GP or call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 if you become ill after accidentally swallowing mud or contaminated water.

Cleaning up inside your home

When returning to your home after a flood, be aware that floodwater may contain sewage. Protect yourself and your family by following these steps:

If there has been a backflow of sewage into the house, wear rubber boots, an apron and waterproof gloves during cleanup. It's also a good idea to wear a face mask and goggles.
Keep children and pets out of the affected area until cleanup has been completed.
Thoroughly clean all hard household surfaces, including walls, hard-surfaced floors and furniture with hot soapy water, using an ordinary household detergent, until they look clean. Allow them to dry thoroughly - this will also help to destroy germs left behind. Hard household surfaces may include flooring, concrete, mouldings, wood and metal furniture, countertops, appliances, sinks, and other plumbing fixtures. See below for information about cleaning kitchen work surfaces and items used to prepare food.
Do not mix detergents with chlorine-based bleaches as this may release hazardous fumes.
Remember to take regular breaks in the fresh air.
Clean the water taps with hot water and detergent before using them for the first time. Allow the taps to run for a few minutes when you start using the mains water, as this should clear the pipes.
Wash all linen and clothing in hot water, or dry clean. Air dry items that cannot be washed or dry cleaned, such as mattresses and upholstered furniture, in the sun. Then spray them thoroughly with a disinfectant. Steam clean all carpeting if you can.
Remove and discard all soft furnishings, fittings, wall coverings, cloth, rugs, and drywall (also include mattresses, carpeting, carpet padding, rugs, upholstered furniture, cosmetics, stuffed animals, baby toys, pillows, foam-rubber items, books, wall coverings, and most paper products) that are damaged beyond repair or mouldy.
Remove dirty water and silt from the property including the space under the ground floor if you have wooden floors. This space may need pumping out.

Heating and good ventilation will assist the drying. You can also help the drying process by using fans, air conditioning units, and dehumidifiers.

After completing the cleanup, wash your hands with soap and water.

Cleaning gardens and play areas

Do not let young children play on affected grassed or paved areas until they have been cleaned down and restored to their normal condition.

Cleaning clothing and bedding

Other soft furnishings that have been contaminated and cannot be put in a washing machine will have to be professionally cleaned. If this is not possible, they may have to be disposed of.

It is best to wash clothes and linen elsewhere until your property's waste-water system has been checked. For example, in a launderette.

Returning to your home

If you decide to return to your home before this further work is completed, you should:

Try to have some heating on at all times, once it has been checked for safety. Consider the use of a dehumidifier. Ensure the property is well ventilated. Leave windows open as much as possible but be mindful of security.
Ensure that if you have air-bricks to any under floor spaces that these are unblocked to give cross ventilation to these areas.

If you are living in a flood-damaged home and you become concerned that it is no longer safe to stay in, contact your local council for advice.

Food preparation and storage

Don't eat any food that has been covered by or come into contact with sewage or floodwater.
Don't eat any produce grown on an allotment or garden that has been flooded, unless it has been cooked.
Wash your hands before and after preparing food.
Throw away wooden chopping boards that have been in contact with floodwater or sewage.
Before you prepare food, use clean water, detergent, then a normal kitchen disinfectant, to clean and disinfect work surfaces, plates, pans, cutlery, and plastic or glass chopping boards. Powerful disinfectants, such as strong bleach, are not necessary and may be harmful to surfaces.
If you have a working dishwasher and mains water supply, this is a more efficient way to clean smaller items.
If the insides of your fridge and food cupboards have been touched by floodwater, clean them thoroughly using detergent, water and normal household cleaning products.
Try to keep any opened food in an enclosed box or tin.
All crockery, pots and pans should be thoroughly washed with hot soapy water before using. If any of these are badly chipped or damaged, do not use them. You could use a food-safe disinfectant to sanitise them after cleaning.

Don't be tempted to try and salvage damaged food - including tins as they may be damaged or contaminated.

If your drinking water becomes contaminated

If there is evidence or concern that the tap water may be contaminated:

Boil and cool water to wash food that will not be cooked, such as fruit or salad.
It is safe to use unboiled tap water to prepare food which will be cooked. It is also safe to use unboiled tap water for cooking if the water will be boiled during the cooking process.

If you have been advised to boil your water, bring it to the boil, then allow it to cool before using it for drinking, brushing teeth, washing food, cooking and making ice.

If no gas or electricity is available to boil water, bottled water should be used in all circumstances.

Also remember:

Water from a bowser (tanker) should be safe to drink but it requires boiling before use because the containers used to transfer water from bowser to home may not be clean.
Water from the hot tap is not suitable for drinking.

If your drinking water is unsafe, do not use it for bathing babies. It is safer to use boiled bowser water or bottled water. Or you can use baby wipes for hand cleansing and washing babies.

Also, never use tap water or bowser water to clean or store contact lenses since this could cause a rare but serious eye infection. Use a contact lens solution as recommended by your optician.

Flushing the toilet

How to deal with chemical hazards

Take special care when opening cupboards that may contain household or garden chemicals that have become wet, especially those in bags or cardboard packaging.

The safe use of emergency generators

Remember the following:

Replace manhole covers dislodged by the flood.
Don't switch on electrical appliances, which have been in contact with floodwater unless a competent electrician has checked them. Your local electricity board will be checking mains supplies.
Ensure that your home is properly aired to encourage drying.
Make sure that any mould growth is properly treated.

Rats and other pests

Store your rubbish in hard bins. If this isn't possible, try to keep rubbish bags in a place away from your home.

Avoid approaching or cornering rats. If you are bitten by a rat, seek medical advice. If you have to pick up dead rats, wear gloves and dispose of the rats in a plastic bag.

If you are concerned about rats or other pests, contact your local council for advice.

Other health concerns

Finally, remember that cold can play a major role in your personal health. Make sure you keep warm so you avoid cold-related conditions such as hypothermia.

Getting medical help

You should try using the usual phone numbers if you need to check whether your local health services are affected by the flooding.

If the flooding is severe, your local NHS Primary Care Trust may be issuing updates on how to access to local NHS services.

You can also call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 for local health service information or medical advice.

Further information:

Hypothermia
Stress
Depression
Diarrhoea
Is it safe to give my child bottled water?
Flooding (Health Protection Agency)

Glossary

Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medicines that can be used to treat infections caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria or fungi. For example amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin.
Anxiety: Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling when you feel worried, uneasy or distressed about something that may or may not be about to happen.
Bacteria: Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that live in the body. Some can cause illness and disease and some others are good for you.
Depression: Depression is when you have feelings of extreme sadness, despair or inadequacy that last for a long time.
Diarrhoea: Diarrhoea is the passing of frequent watery stools when you go to the toilet.
Hyperactivity: Hyperactivity is a higher than normal level of activity and restlessness.
Mental: Mental refers to the processes in the mind.

18-09-2008 16:21

Antibiotics in preterm labour

-

Between July 1994 and May 2000, the Medical Research Council funded a clinical trial called the Oracle study. It looked at using antibiotics to treat women who might give birth prematurely (early).

A follow-up study has taken place, to track progress and development of those women's children.

The findings of these studies are outlined below.

What does this mean for me if I'm pregnant?

If you're pregnant and you have an infection, you shouldn't be concerned about taking antibiotics to treat it.

If you're pregnant and have an infection, your GP will consider treating you with antibiotics

Antibiotics save lives. So if you're pregnant and you have a possible or obvious infection, your GP will consider treating you with antibiotics.

If you're concerned about taking antibiotics, speak with your GP or midwife to get their advice. You can also call NHS Direct on 0845 4647.

Oracle study

The Oracle study looked specifically at pregnant women:

who went into labour early but whose waters hadn't broken (spontaneous or threatened premature labour - SPL), and
whose waters broke early (premature or preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes - PPROM).

The Oracle study looked at using antibiotics to treat women who might give birth prematurely

Women who were diagnosed with infections didn't take part in the trial as they needed to be treated with antibiotics.

Before this trial, there were no national guidelines on using antibiotics to treat women with SPL or PPROM.

prolonging the pregnancy, and
improving the baby's health.

The study found that where the mothers with PPROM were treated with erythromycin, there was some short-term benefit to their babies. However, there was no benefit where the mothers had SPL.

Follow-up study

A seven-year follow-up study has taken place, to track progress of children born to the mothers who took part in the original research.

The findings of the follow-up study confirm existing medical practice

This increased risk did not occur in the group where mothers had PPROM and were given antibiotics.

The findings confirm existing medical practice that women with SPL, unbroken waters and no obvious infection should not routinely be given antibiotics.

Cerebral palsy

Although the risk of cerebral palsy is higher in babies born prematurely, most children who develop cerebral palsy are born at term (not prematurely).

Further information:

Oracle children study (University of Leicester and Medical Research Council)
Medical Research Council
Cerebral palsy
Clinical trials
Labour
Pregnancy
What is the amniotic sac?

Glossary

Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medicines that can be used to treat infections caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria or fungi. For example amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin.
Clinical trial: Clinical trials are research studies to test new types of treatments, preventions and diagnoses on patients.
Rupture: A rupture is a break or tear in an organ or tissue.

18-09-2008 10:19

Antibiotics in preterm labour

-

Between July 1994 and May 2000, the Medical Research Council funded a clinical trial called the Oracle study. It looked at using antibiotics to treat women who might give birth prematurely.

The study specifically looked at pregnant women:

who went into labour early but whose waters had not broken (spontaneous or threatened premature labour - SPL), and
whose waters broke early (premature or preterm prelabour rupture of the membranes - PPROM).

Women who were diagnosed with infections did not take part in the trial as they needed to be treated with antibiotics.

The Oracle study looked at using antibiotics to treat women who might give birth prematurely

Before this trial, there were no national guidelines on using antibiotics to treat women with SPL or PPROM.

But previous research had suggested that mild infection in the membranes surrounding the baby might be the cause of premature birth in these cases. The Oracle research aimed to assess whether antibiotics could help:

by prolonging the pregnancy, and
improving the health of the baby.

The study found that there was some short term benefit to the babies in giving erythromycin where the mother had PPROM but no benefit where the mother had SPL.

Follow-up study

A seven-year follow-up study has taken place, to track progress of children born to the mothers who took part in the original research.

This increased risk did not occur in the group where mothers had PPROM and were given antibiotics.

What does this mean for me if I am pregnant?

If you are pregnant and you have an infection, you should not be concerned about taking antibiotics to treat it. Antibiotics save lives and pregnant women with possible or obvious infections must be considered for treatment with antibiotics.

Antibiotics save lives and pregnant women with possible or obvious infections must be considered for treatment with antibiotics

Speak with your GP or midwife to discuss your concerns and get advice. You can also call NHS Direct on 0845 4647.

The findings confirm existing medical practice that women with SPL, unbroken waters and no obvious infection should not routinely be given antibiotics.

Cerebral palsy

Although the risk of cerebral palsy is higher in babies born prematurely, most children who develop cerebral palsy are born at term (not prematurely).

Further information:

Oracle children study (University of Leicester and Medical Research Council)
Medical Research Council
Cerebral palsy
Clinical trials
Labour
Pregnancy
What is the amniotic sac?

Glossary

Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medicines that can be used to treat infections caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria or fungi. For example amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin.
Clinical trial: Clinical trials are research studies to test new types of treatments, preventions and diagnoses on patients.
Rupture: A rupture is a break or tear in an organ or tissue.

18-09-2008 10:19

Stay healthy at uni

-

Going back to university soon? Or maybe it's your first term. Either way, you'll be looking forward to lots of fun.

Looking after your health while you're at uni is important - fit and healthy students can enjoy life much more. Here are some tips to help you keep well.

Are your jabs up-to-date?

Mumps and meningitis commonly affect young people. Mumps is very contagious . Meningitis is a serious condition and always requires hospital treatment.

Fit and healthy students enjoy life much more

Vaccinations are the best way to protect yourself. You can get the MMR jab at any age, to protect yourself against mumps. You should also be vaccinated against meningitis C.

For more information about mumps and meningitis, including symptoms, see 'how can I keep well at university' in the 'further information' section.

Healthy eating

If you eat healthily, you'll feel much better for it. Take a trip round the supermarket and stock up on healthy wholesome food. For example:

Try to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
Eat wholemeal bread and brown pasta when you can.

Eating well doesn't have to be expensive

Preparing your food

Food poisoning can be very unpleasant - the symptoms can last for days.

You can avoid food poisoning by keeping your kitchen clean and handling food properly. For example:

Always wash your hands, utensils and surfaces thoroughly, after handling raw meat, chicken and fish.
Wash all crockery and utensils with hot water and washing-up liquid, as soon as you've finished using them.
Wash your tea-towels regularly.
Keep food cupboards clean, tidy, cool and dry.
Empty your rubbish bins regularly, especially in warm or hot weather.

Healthy energy

Regular exercise can give you more energy and release feel-good hormones in your brain. But it doesn't have to be a chore or expensive:

Local swimming pools often give student discounts

Taking small regular breaks, like a 15-minute walk around your campus, can refresh you and clear your mind. Or you could join a uni sports team, or ride your bike to lectures.
Local fitness clubs and swimming pools often give discounts for students.

Exercise is also important for your mental wellbeing. It can help you to keep calm during anxious or stressful times, such as exams.

Your mental health

If you're feeling low, find someone to talk to before you get too down. Friends and family will want to help. Or you could talk to your tutor.

Most universities have counsellors you can phone or visit in confidence. Or you could call the Samaritans on 08457 909090.

Drinking alcohol

Getting to know new people over a drink can help you find your feet in a new city.

But drinking heavily and binge drinking are bad for your health. Follow these simple steps to keep yourself in prime condition:

Always eat before you drink. Jacket potatoes, baked beans and cheese are perfect to fill you up, and they're nutritious. A serving of baked beans even counts as one portion of your recommended five-a-day.
Try to alternate alcoholic drinks with water or a soft drink.
Never leave your glass unattended, in case someone spikes your drink.
Try not to drink more than the recommended limit (2-3 units per day for women, and 3-4 for men).

One unit is generally classed as:

one small glass of wine (125ml),
half a pint of beer, cider or lager, or
one pub measure of spirits, such as vodka, whisky or gin.

However, the number of units in a drink can vary, depending on the strength and size of the drink. For more information, see 'adding up your units' in the 'further information' section.

Freshen up your first aid

Basic first aid training can stop an accident turning into a tragedy - would you know how best to help your friend if they had an accident or passed out drunk?

Your university may run a first aid course or you could find one locally.

Your sexual health

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are very common.

It's also a good idea to have regular check-ups at a sexual health clinic, especially if you've had symptoms such as:

itchiness or swelling around your genitals, or
an unusual discharge.

Illegal drugs

Don't use illegal drugs. They can damage your health - all illegal drugs carry health risks.

The legal penalties can be severe. And if you're arrested for possessing illegal drugs, your university may drop you from your course.

If you do decide to take illegal drugs, it's important that you understand how different drugs may affect you and what the health risks are.

Many organisations and websites can offer:

information,
advice,
details of support groups and meetings, and
further guidance.

Further information:

What should I do if I think a friend or relative has a drug problem?

Glossary

Brain: The brain controls thought, memory and emotion. It sends messages to the body controlling movement, speech and senses.
Contagious: Contagious is when a disease or infection can be easily passed from one person to another.
Discharge: Discharge is when a liquid such as pus oozes from a part of your body.
Genitals: Genitals are the sex, or reproductive organs, visible on the outside of the body. In females this is the vulva, labia, and clitoris. In males this is the penis, scrotum and testicles.
Mental: Mental refers to the processes in the mind.
MMR: MMR stands for measles, mumps and rubella. It is a vaccine that prevents measles, mumps and rubella by making the body produce antibodies that will fight off the viruses.
Vaccination: Vaccination or immunisation is usually given by an injection that makes the body's immune system produce antibodies that will fight off a virus.

18-09-2008 10:19

Flood safety

-

If your area suffers flooding, make sure you and your family are prepared and know what to do.

The risk of infections and illness is very low after your home has been flooded, but it's better to take precautions to look after the health of yourself and your family.

Read on for guidance from the Health Protection Agency on keeping health risks to a minimum.

General advice

You should also always wash your hands with soap and clean water:

after you go to the toilet,
before you eat or prepare food,
after being in contact with floodwater, sewage or items contaminated by floodwater, and
after participating in flood cleanup activities.

Keep any open cuts or sores clean and prevent them being exposed to flood water. Wear waterproof plasters.

As your property continues to dry out, vacuum any loose material and dust on a regular basis.

Speak with your GP or call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 if you become ill after accidentally swallowing mud or contaminated water.

Cleaning up inside your home

When returning to your home after a flood, be aware that floodwater may contain sewage. Protect yourself and your family by following these steps:

If there has been a backflow of sewage into the house, wear rubber boots, an apron and waterproof gloves during cleanup. It's also a good idea to wear a face mask and goggles.
Keep children and pets out of the affected area until cleanup has been completed.
Thoroughly clean all hard household surfaces, including walls, hard-surfaced floors and furniture with hot soapy water, using an ordinary household detergent, until they look clean. Allow them to dry thoroughly - this will also help to destroy germs left behind. Hard household surfaces may include flooring, concrete, mouldings, wood and metal furniture, countertops, appliances, sinks, and other plumbing fixtures. See below for information about cleaning kitchen work surfaces and items used to prepare food.
Do not mix detergents with chlorine-based bleaches as this may release hazardous fumes.
Remember to take regular breaks in the fresh air.
Clean the water taps with hot water and detergent before using them for the first time. Allow the taps to run for a few minutes when you start using the mains water, as this should clear the pipes.
Wash all linen and clothing in hot water, or dry clean. Air dry items that cannot be washed or dry cleaned, such as mattresses and upholstered furniture, in the sun. Then spray them thoroughly with a disinfectant. Steam clean all carpeting if you can.
Remove and discard all soft furnishings, fittings, wall coverings, cloth, rugs, and drywall (also include mattresses, carpeting, carpet padding, rugs, upholstered furniture, cosmetics, stuffed animals, baby toys, pillows, foam-rubber items, books, wall coverings, and most paper products) that are damaged beyond repair or mouldy.
Remove dirty water and silt from the property including the space under the ground floor if you have wooden floors. This space may need pumping out.

Heating and good ventilation will assist the drying. You can also help the drying process by using fans, air conditioning units, and dehumidifiers.

After completing the cleanup, wash your hands with soap and water.

Cleaning gardens and play areas

Do not let young children play on affected grassed or paved areas until they have been cleaned down and restored to their normal condition.

Cleaning clothing and bedding

Other soft furnishings that have been contaminated and cannot be put in a washing machine will have to be professionally cleaned. If this is not possible, they may have to be disposed of.

It is best to wash clothes and linen elsewhere until your property's waste-water system has been checked. For example, in a launderette.

Returning to your home

If you decide to return to your home before this further work is completed, you should:

Try to have some heating on at all times, once it has been checked for safety. Consider the use of a dehumidifier. Ensure the property is well ventilated. Leave windows open as much as possible but be mindful of security.
Ensure that if you have air-bricks to any under floor spaces that these are unblocked to give cross ventilation to these areas.

If you are living in a flood-damaged home and you become concerned that it is no longer safe to stay in, contact your local council for advice.

Food preparation and storage

Don't eat any food that has been covered by or come into contact with sewage or floodwater.
Don't eat any produce grown on an allotment or garden that has been flooded, unless it has been cooked.
Wash your hands before and after preparing food.
Throw away wooden chopping boards that have been in contact with floodwater or sewage.
Before you prepare food, use clean water, detergent, then a normal kitchen disinfectant, to clean and disinfect work surfaces, plates, pans, cutlery, and plastic or glass chopping boards. Powerful disinfectants, such as strong bleach, are not necessary and may be harmful to surfaces.
If you have a working dishwasher and mains water supply, this is a more efficient way to clean smaller items.
If the insides of your fridge and food cupboards have been touched by floodwater, clean them thoroughly using detergent, water and normal household cleaning products.
Try to keep any opened food in an enclosed box or tin.
All crockery, pots and pans should be thoroughly washed with hot soapy water before using. If any of these are badly chipped or damaged, do not use them. You could use a food-safe disinfectant to sanitise them after cleaning.

Don't be tempted to try and salvage damaged food - including tins as they may be damaged or contaminated.

If your drinking water becomes contaminated

If there is evidence or concern that the tap water may be contaminated:

Boil and cool water to wash food that will not be cooked, such as fruit or salad.
It is safe to use unboiled tap water to prepare food which will be cooked. It is also safe to use unboiled tap water for cooking if the water will be boiled during the cooking process.

If you have been advised to boil your water, bring it to the boil, then allow it to cool before using it for drinking, brushing teeth, washing food, cooking and making ice.

If no gas or electricity is available to boil water, bottled water should be used in all circumstances.

Also remember:

Water from a bowser (tanker) should be safe to drink but it requires boiling before use because the containers used to transfer water from bowser to home may not be clean.
Water from the hot tap is not suitable for drinking.

If your drinking water is unsafe, do not use it for bathing babies. It is safer to use boiled bowser water or bottled water. Or you can use baby wipes for hand cleansing and washing babies.

Also, never use tap water or bowser water to clean or store contact lenses since this could cause a rare but serious eye infection. Use a contact lens solution as recommended by your optician.

Flushing the toilet

How to deal with chemical hazards

Take special care when opening cupboards that may contain household or garden chemicals that have become wet, especially those in bags or cardboard packaging.

The safe use of emergency generators

Remember the following:

Replace manhole covers dislodged by the flood.
Don't switch on electrical appliances, which have been in contact with floodwater unless a competent electrician has checked them. Your local electricity board will be checking mains supplies.
Ensure that your home is properly aired to encourage drying.
Make sure that any mould growth is properly treated.

Rats and other pests

Store your rubbish in hard bins. If this isn't possible, try to keep rubbish bags in a place away from your home.

Avoid approaching or cornering rats. If you are bitten by a rat, seek medical advice. If you have to pick up dead rats, wear gloves and dispose of the rats in a plastic bag.

If you are concerned about rats or other pests, contact your local council for advice.

Other health concerns

Finally, remember that cold can play a major role in your personal health. Make sure you keep warm so you avoid cold-related conditions such as hypothermia.

Getting medical help

You should try using the usual phone numbers if you need to check whether your local health services are affected by the flooding.

If the flooding is severe, your local NHS Primary Care Trust may be issuing updates on how to access to local NHS services.

You can also call NHS Direct on 0845 4647 for local health service information or medical advice.

Further information:

Hypothermia
Stress
Depression
Diarrhoea
Is it safe to give my child bottled water?
Flooding (Health Protection Agency)

Glossary

Antibiotic: Antibiotics are medicines that can be used to treat infections caused by micro-organisms, usually bacteria or fungi. For example amoxicillin, streptomycin and erythromycin.
Anxiety: Anxiety is an unpleasant feeling when you feel worried, uneasy or distressed about something that may or may not be about to happen.
Bacteria: Bacteria are tiny, single-celled organisms that live in the body. Some can cause illness and disease and some others are good for you.
Depression: Depression is when you have feelings of extreme sadness, despair or inadequacy that last for a long time.
Diarrhoea: Diarrhoea is the passing of frequent watery stools when you go to the toilet.
Hyperactivity: Hyperactivity is a higher than normal level of activity and restlessness.
Mental: Mental refers to the processes in the mind.

11-09-2008 14:01

Stay healthy at uni

-

Going back to university soon? Or maybe it's your first term. Either way, you'll be looking forward to lots of fun.

Looking after your health while you're at uni is important - fit and healthy students can enjoy life much more. Here are some tips to help you keep well.

Are your jabs up-to-date?

Mumps and meningitis commonly affect young people. Mumps is very contagious . Meningitis is a serious condition and always requires hospital treatment.

Fit and healthy students enjoy life much more

Vaccinations are the best way to protect yourself. You can get the MMR jab at any age, to protect yourself against mumps. You should also be vaccinated against meningitis C.

For more information about mumps and meningitis, including symptoms, see 'how can I keep well at university' in the 'further information' section.

Healthy eating

If you eat healthily, you'll feel much better for it. Take a trip round the supermarket and stock up on healthy wholesome food. For example:

Try to eat five portions of fruit and vegetables a day.
Eat wholemeal bread and brown pasta when you can.

Eating well doesn't have to be expensive

Preparing your food

Food poisoning can be very unpleasant - the symptoms can last for days.

You can avoid food poisoning by keeping your kitchen clean and handling food properly. For example:

Always wash your hands, utensils and surfaces thoroughly, after handling raw meat, chicken and fish.
Wash all crockery and utensils with hot water and washing-up liquid, as soon as you've finished using them.
Wash your tea-towels regularly.
Keep food cupboards clean, tidy, cool and dry.
Empty your rubbish bins regularly, especially in warm or hot weather.

Healthy energy

Regular exercise can give you more energy and release feel-good hormones in your brain. But it doesn't have to be a chore or expensive:

Local swimming pools often give student discounts

Taking small regular breaks, like a 15-minute walk around your campus, can refresh you and clear your mind. Or you could join a uni sports team, or ride your bike to lectures.
Local fitness clubs and swimming pools often give discounts for students.

Exercise is also important for your mental wellbeing. It can help you to keep calm during anxious or stressful times, such as exams.

Your mental health

If you're feeling low, find someone to talk to before you get too down. Friends and family will want to help. Or you could talk to your tutor.

Most universities have counsellors you can phone or visit in confidence. Or you could call the Samaritans on 08457 909090.

Drinking alcohol

Getting to know new people over a drink can help you find your feet in a new city.

But drinking heavily and binge drinking are bad for your health. Follow these simple steps to keep yourself in prime condition:

Always eat before you drink. Jacket potatoes, baked beans and cheese are perfect to fill you up, and they're nutritious. A serving of baked beans even counts as one portion of your recommended five-a-day.
Try to alternate alcoholic drinks with water or a soft drink.
Never leave your glass unattended, in case someone spikes your drink.
Try not to drink more than the recommended limit (2-3 units per day for women, and 3-4 for men).

One unit is generally classed as:

one small glass of wine (125ml),
half a pint of beer, cider or lager, or
one pub measure of spirits, such as vodka, whisky or gin.

However, the number of units in a drink can vary, depending on the strength and size of the drink. For more information, see 'adding up your units' in the 'further information' section.

Freshen up your first aid

Basic first aid training can stop an accident turning into a tragedy - would you know how best to help your friend if they had an accident or passed out drunk?

Your university may run a first aid course or you could find one locally.

Your sexual health

Sexually transmitted infections (STIs) are very common.

It's also a good idea to have regular check-ups at a sexual health clinic, especially if you've had symptoms such as:

itchiness or swelling around your genitals, or
an unusual discharge.

Illegal drugs

Don't use illegal drugs. They can damage your health - all illegal drugs carry health risks.

The legal penalties can be severe. And if you're arrested for possessing illegal drugs, your university may drop you from your course.

If you do decide to take illegal drugs, it's important that you understand how different drugs may affect you and what the health risks are.

Many organisations and websites can offer:

information,
advice,
details of support groups and meetings, and
further guidance.

Further information: